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r    r 


O.  E.  S.  LlBRASS.  COF.  2.  hO  ,  ^  ^ 


BULLETIN"     ]>To.     77. 


Tl\e    Connecticut  S§¥icultut<al 


EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


APRIL,    1884. 


Tuttle,  Morehouse  &  Taylor,  Printers,  371  State  Street. 


!,he  Connecticut  Igricultural   jramment  Ration. 

J  J  J  w  J 

BULLETIN    No.    77. 

APRIL,    1884. 


Trade  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients  in  Raw  Materi- 
als and  Chemicals  for   18S4. 

Following  are  the  figures  to  be  used  by  this  Station  ir  making 
the  Valuations  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  for  the  season  of  1884. 

Cents  per  lb, 

N'itrogen  in  ammonia  salts,. 22 

"'           nitrates... . 18 

Organic  nitrogen  in  dried  and  fine  ground  fish, 20 

"             :'         in  guanos,  dried  and  fine  ground  blood  and  meat,.  18 

:'             "         in  cotton  seed,  linseed  meal  and  in  castor  pomace,  18 

"             •'         in  fine  ground  bone, 18 

"             ■•         in  fine  meilium  bone, IK 

"             ••         in  medium  bone, ..  14 

"             "         in  coarse  medium  bone 12 

■;         in  coarse  bone,  horn  shavings,  hair  and  fish  scrap,  10 

Phosphoric  acid,  soluble  in  water, 1  o 

soluble  in  ammonium  citrate,* 9 

"     insoluble,  dry  fine  ground  fish  and  in  fine  bone,  . .  •    6 

"         in  fine  medium  bone, 5£ 

•'         in  medium  bone, 5 

"            "         in  coarse  medium  bone, 4* 

in  coarse  bone, 4 

•'         in  fine  ground  rock  phosphate, 24/ 

Potash  as  high  grade  sulphate - . 74. 

kainite, 44. 

"          muriate A.\ 

*  Dissolved  from  2  grams  of  the  unground  Phosphate  previously  extracted 
with  pure. water,  by  100  c.c.  neutral  solution  of  Am.  Cit..  sp.  gr.  1.09,  in  30 
minutes,  at  40°  C,  with  '  agitation  once  in  five  minutes.  Commonly  called 
"reverted"  or  "backgone"  Phos.  Acid. 


The  above  trade-values  are  the  figures  at  which  on  March  1st 
the  respective  ingredients  could  be  bought  at  retail  for  cash  in 
our  markets  in  the  raw  materials  which  are  the  regular  source  of 
supply.  They  also  correspond  to  the  average  wholesale  prices 
for  the  six  months  ending  March  1st,  plus  about  20  per  cent,  in 
case  of  goods  for  which  we  have  wholesale  quotations.  The  cal- 
culated value  obtained  by  use  of  the  above  figures  will  be  found 
to  agree  fairly  with  the  reasonable  retail  price  in  case  of  standard 
raw  materials  such  as  : — 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  Azotin, 

Nitrate  of  Soda,  Dry  Ground  Fish, 

Muriate  of  Potash,  Cotton  Seed, 

Sulphate  of  Potash,  Castor  Pomace, 

Dried  Blood,  Bone, 

Plain  Superphosphate.  Ground  So.  Car.  Rock. 

Trade  Values  in    Superphosphates,  Special    Manures,  and 
Mixed  Fertilizers  or  High  Grades. 

The  Organic  Nitrogen  in  these  classes  of  goods  will  be 
reckoned  at  the  highest  figure  laid  down  in  the  Trade- Values  of 
Fertilizing  Ingredients  in  Raw  Materials,  namely,  20  cents  per 
pound.  Insoluble  Phosphoric  acid  will  be  reckoned  at  4^  cents, 
and  Potash  at  4£  cents  if  sufficient  chlorine  is  present  in  the 
fertilizer  to  combine  with  it.  If  there  is  more  Potash  present 
than  will  combine  with  the  chlorine,  then  this  excess  of  Potash 
is  reckoned  as  sulphate. 

In  most  cases  the  calculated  value  of  Superphosphates  and 
Specials  will  fall  considerably  below  the  retail  price.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  two  will  represent  the  manufacturer's  expenses 
in  converting  raw  materials  into  the  manufactured  articles.  These 
expenses  include  grinding  and  mixing,  bagging  or  barreling,  stor- 
age and  transportation  ;  commission  to  agents  or  dealers ;  long- 
credits,  interest  on  investment,  bad  debts,  and  finally  profits. 

Last  year  the  selling  price  of  the  superphosphates  and  specials 
in  Connecticut  was  on  the  average  18  per  cent  greater  than  the 
Station  valuations  or  38  per  cent,  in  advance  of  the  wholesale 
cost  of  the  fertilizing  elements  in  the  raw  materials.  The  average 
cost  of  Ammoniated  Superphosphates  and  Guanos  was  about 
$41.50,  the  average  estimated  value  was  $35,  and  the  difference 
$6.50. 

In  case  of  Specials  the  average  cost  was  $50,  17  per  cent, 
greater  than  the  average  valuation,  $42.50. 


FERTILIZER  ANALYSES. 


SULPHATE    OF    AMMONIA. 


A  sample  of  this  article  (1102)  drawn  by  a  Station  agent  from 
stock  at  the  factory  of  E.  H.  Ward  well*  in  New  Haven  contained 
2022  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  equivalent  to  24-56  of  ammonia  or 
95*32  per  cent,  of  ammonium  sulphate.  Early  in  March  it  was 
offered  free  on  board  in  New  Haven  at  from  3^  to  3^  cents  per 
pound,  which  would  make  the  actual  cost  of  nitrogen  per  pound 
about  16  cents. 

Linseed  Meal  axd  Castor  Pomace. 

1081.  Linseed  Meal.  Sampled  and  sent  by  H.  H.  Austin, 
Suffield. 

1080.  Castor  Pomace.  Sent  by  H.  J.  Baker  &  Bro.,  N.  Y. 
City,  as  sample  of  their  new  stock. 

Analysis. 

1081  1080 

Nitrogen, 5.73  5.33 

Phosphoric  acid, 2.50  1.6S 

Potash, 1.60  1.06 

Cost  per  ton, $28.00  $24  to  $25 

Valuation  per  ton, $24.99        $22.11 

The  attention  of  those  Using  castor  pomace  is  called  to  tbe  fact 
that  it  is  extremely  poisonous  when  taken  internally,  causing  vio- 
lent vomiting  and  purging.  A  small  number  of  the  beans  from 
which  the  pomace  is  prepared,  are  reported  in  several  instances 
to  have  caused  the  death  of  adult  persons  who  have  eaten  them. 
The  beans  are  not  at  first  unpleasant  to  the  taste.  There  is  little 
doubt,  therefore,  that  cattle  may  be  poisoned  if  they  are  allowed 
to  get  at  the  pomace. 

Guanos. 
1100.  Standard  Peruvian  Guano. 
1099.  Guaranteed  Peruvian  Guano. 
1098.  Peruvian  Guano  Lobos. 

The  above  are  from  the  Stock  of  Seth  Chapman's  Son  &  Co., 
New  York,  and  were  sampled  by  them.  They  were  sent  to  the 
Station  by  C,  H.  Cables,  Thomaston. 

*  Address  is  10  Warren  St,  Nefo  Y.orto^ 


6 

1091 .  Penguin  Island  Guano.  From  stock  of  Charles  Spear,  Jr., 
K  Y.     Sent  by  C  H.  Cables. 

Analyses  and  Valuations. 

1100  1099  109S     1091 

Nitrogen  in  nitrates, - . - . .  .22  .29  .22 

"             ammonia  salts, 7.35  5.78  3.75 

"             organic  matter, .48  .59  .87         .20 

Soluble  phosphoric  acid, 2.54  2.00  4.04 

Reverted  phosphoric  acid, 3.72  4.98  4.38       6.41 

Insoluble  phosphoric  acid, 8.60  10.89  8.76     16.49 

Potash, 2.48  3.06  3.46 

Chlorine, 1.00  1.45  3.91 

Cost  per  ton  in  New  York, $59.82*  $56.00     $46.42f$25.00 

Valuation  per  ton,  . $57.21     $54.63     $47.20  $27.17 

*  $67  per  2240  lbs.  f  $52  per  2240  lbs. 

The  above  articles  have  a  guaranteed  composition. 

Superphosphates. 

1110.  Dickinson's  Ammoniated  Bone  Phosphate.  From  stock 
of  David  Dickinson,  Middle  Haddarn.  Sanrpled  and  sent  by  A. 
H.  Worthington,  Middle  Haddam. 

.1101.  Home-made  Superphosphate.  Sent  by  R.  E.  Pinney, 
Sum  eld. 

1111.  Home-made  Superphosphate  from  C.  P.  Augur,  Whit- 
neyville. 

Analyses  and  Valuations. 

mo      noi      mi 

Nitrogen, - 4.30  4.09  2.04 

Soluble  phos.  acid, 4.41  none  7.34 

Reverted  phos.  acid, 4.20  3.68  3.41 

Insoluble  phos.  acid, 4.76  3.96  4.10 

Potash,  soluble  in  water, 7.24 

Cost  per  ton, $45.00        

Valuation  per  ton, $37.87     $36.21     $32.67 

In  making  the  valuations  for  mixed  goods,  such  as  the 
above,  it  is  assumed  that  the  organic  nitrogen  contained  in  the 
mixed  fertilizers  is  derived  from  the  best  sources,  viz  :  bone, 
blood,  animal  matter,  Peruvian  guano  or  other  equally  good  form 


and  not  from  leather,  shoddy,  hair  or  any  low  priced  inferior 
forms  of  vegetable  matter.  In  the  case  of  insoluble  phosphoric 
acid  it  is  also  assumed  that  it  is  from  bone  or  other  similar  source 
and  not  from  rock  phosphate.  In  this  latter  form  the  insoluble 
phosphoric  acid  would  be  worth  commercially  ouly  2^  cents  per 
pound  or  a  little  over  one-third  as  much  as  if  from  fine  bone.  We 
have  repeatedly  cautioned  the  farmers  against  placing  a  too  literal 
construction  on  the  "valuations"  as  given  by  the  Station  to  the 
fertilizers,  and  we  again  repeat  the  caution  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  it  is  not  always  practicable  in  the  analysis  of  a  fertilizer 
to  distinguish  some  of  the  best  from  some  of  the  poorest  forms 
of  the  ingredients. 

Comparison    of  the   Guaranteed  (0)   and  Actual  (A)   Com- 
position   OF   THE    ABOVE    NAMED    GOODS. 

Nitrogen.        Phos.  Acid.  Potash. 

No.                      BraiKl.  G  A             G         A  G  A 

1100  Standard  Peruvian  Guano, !i-8.2  8.1  13-15  14.9  2.0  2.5 

1099  Guaranteed  Peruvian  Guano, 5.4  6.6          17      17.'.)  3.0  3.1 

rt»98  Peruvian  Guano  Lobos, 4.1-4.5  4.8  15-17   17.2  2.3  3.5 

U)91  Penguin  Island  Guano, 1.2  <>.2  23.4     22.9 

1110  Dickinson's  Phosphate. 4-5  4.3         14.0*     8.6 

*  Soluble  and  reverted. 


Further  Explanations  Concerning  Analysis  and  Valuation 
of  Fertilizers. 

Nitrogen  is  commercially  the  most  valuable  fertilizing  element. 
Organic  nitrogen  is  the  nitrogen  of  animal  and  vegetable  matters. 
Some  forms  of  organic  nitrogen,  as  that  of  blood  and  meat,  are 
highly  active  as  fertilizers;  others,  as  that  of  leather  and  peat, 
are  comparatively  slow  in  their  effect  on  vegetation,  unless  these 
matters  are  chemically  disintegrated.  Ammonia  and  nitric  acid 
are  results  of  the  decay  of  organic  nitrogen  in  the  soil  and  manure 
heap,  and  are  the  most  active  forms  of  Nitrogen.  They  occur  in 
commerce — the  former  in  sulphate  of  ammonia,  the  latter  in  nitrate 
of  soda.  17  parts  of  ammonia  or  66  parts  of  pure  sulphate  of  am- 
monia contain  14  parts  of  nitrogen.  85  parts  of  pure  nitrate  of 
soda  also  contain  14  parts  of  nitrogen. 

Soluble  Phosphoric  acid  implies  phosphoric  acid  or  phosphates 

that  are  freelv  soluble  in  water.     It  is  the  characteristic  ingre- 

* 


dient  of  Superphosphates,  iu  which  it  is  produced  by  acting  on 
"  insoluble  "  or  "  reverted  "  phosphates  with  oil  of  vitriol.  Once 
well  incorporated  with  the  soil  it  shortly  becomes  reverted  phos- 
phoric acid. 

Reverted  {reduced  or  precipitated)  Phosphoric  acid  means 
strictly,  phosphoric  acid  that  was  once  freely  soluble  in  water,  but 
from  chemical  change  has  become  insoluble  in  that  liquid.  It  is 
freely  taken  up  by  strong  solution  of  ammonium  citrate,  which  is 
therefore  used  in  analysis  to  determine  its  quantity.  "Reverted 
phosphoric  acid  "  implies  phosphates  that  are  readily  assimilated 
by  crops. 

Recent  investigation  tends  to  show  that  soluble  and  reverted 
phosphoric  acid  are  on  the  whole  about  equally  valuable  as 
plant-food  and  of  equal  commercial  value.  In  some  cases,  indeed, 
the  soluble  gives  better  results  on  crops,  in  others  the  reverted  is 
superior.  In  most  instances  there  is  probably  little  to  choose  be- 
tween them. 

Insoluble  Phosphoric  acid  implies  various  phosphates  not  soluble 
in  water  or  ammonium  citrate.  Iu  some  cases  the  phosphoric  acid 
is  too  insoluble  to  be  readily  available  as  plant  food.  This  is  espe- 
cially true  of  Canada  Apatite.  Bone  black,  bone-ash,  South  Caro- 
lina Rock  and  ISTavassa  Phosphate  when  in  coarse  powder  are 
commonly  of  little  repute  as  fertilizers.  When  very  finely  pul- 
verized ("floats")  they  often  act  well  in  connection  with  abun- 
dance of  decaying  vegetable  matters.  The  phosphate  of  raw  bones 
is  nearly  insoluble  in  this  sense,  because  of  the  animal  matter  of 
the  bones  which  envelopes  it,  but  when  the  latter  decays  in  the 
soil,  the  phosphate  remains  in  essentially  the  "  reverted  "  form. 

Potash  signifies  the  substance  known  in  chemistry  as  potassium 
oxide,  which  is  the  valuable  fertilizing  ingredient  of  "potashes" 
and  "  potash  salts."  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  is  most  costly 
iu  the  form  of  sulphate,  and  cheapest  in  the  shape  of  muriate 
or  chloride. 

The  Valuation  of  a  Fertilizer  signifies  finding  the  worth  in 
money,  or  trade-value  of  its  fertilizing  ingredients.  This  value, 
it  should  be  remembered,  is  not  necessarily  proportional  to  its 
fertilizing  effects  in  any  special  case. 

Plaster,  lime,  stable  manure  and  nearly  all  of  the  less  expensive 
fertilizers  have  variable  prices,  which  bear  no  close  relation  to 
their  chemical  composition,  but  guanos,  superphosphates  and 
similar  articles,  for  which  S30  to  $60  per  ton  are  paid,  depend 


9 

chiefly  for  their  trade-value  on  the  three  substances,  nitrogen, 
phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  which  are  comparatively  costly  and 
steady  in  price.  The  money-value  per  pound  of  these  ingredients 
is  reckoned  from  the  current  market  prices  of  the  standard 
articles  which  furnish  them  to  commerce. 

Th,e  average  Tixide-values  or  cost  in  market,  per  pound,  of  the 
ordinarily  occurring  forms  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash, 
as  recently  found  in  the  Connecticut  and  New  York  markets,  and 
now  employed  by  the  Station,  are  given  and  defined  on  page  1. 

'  To  obtain  the  Valuation  of  a  Fertilizer  we  multiply  the 
pounds  per  ton  of  Nitrogen,  etc.,  by  the  trade-value  per  pound. 
We  thus  get  the  values  per  ton  of  the  several  ingredients,  and 
adding  them  together  we  obtain  the  total  valuation  per  ton. 

In  case  of  Ground  Bone,  the  fineness  of  the  sample  is  graded 
by  sifting,  and  we  separately  compute  the  nitrogen-value  of  each 
grade  of  bone  which  the  sample  contains,  by  multiplying  the 
pounds  of  nitrogen  per  ton  in  the  sample,  by  the  per  cent,  of 
each  grade,  taking  y^-th  of  that  product,  multiplying  it  by  the 
trade-value  per  pound  of  nitrogen  in  that  grade,  and  taking  this 
final  pi"oduct  as  the  result  in  cents.  Summing  up  the  separate 
values  of  each  grade,  thus  obtained,  together  with  the  values  of 
each  grade  for  phosphoric  acid,  similarly  computed,  the  total  is 
the  Valuation  of  the  sample  of  bone. 

77te  uses  of  the  "  Valuation"  are,  1st,  to  show  whether  a  given 
lot  or  brand  of  fertilizer  is  worth,  as  a  commodity  of  ti'ade,  what 
it  costs.  If  the  selling  price  is  not  higher  than  the  valuation, 
the  purchaser  may  be  quite  sure  that  the  price  is  reasonable. 
If  the  selling  price  is  several  dollars  per  ton  more  than  the 
valuation,  it  may  still  be  a  fair  price  ;  but  in  proportion  as  the 
cost  per  ton  exceeds  the  valuation  there  is  reason  to  doubt  the 
economy  of  its  purchase.  2d,  Comparisons  of  the  valuations 
and  selling  prices  of  a  number  of  fertilizers  "will  generally 
indicate  fairly  which  is  the  best  for  the  money.  But  the 
valuation  is  not  to  be  too  literally  construed,  for  analysis  cannot 
always  decide  accurately  what  is  the  form  of  nitrogen,  etc., 
while  the  mechanical  condition  of  a  fertilizer  is  an  item  whose 
influence  cannot  always  be  rightly  expressed  or  appreciated. 

For  the  above  first-named  purpose  of  valuation,  the  trade-values 
of  the  fertilizing  elements  which  are  employed  in  the  computations 
should  be  as  exact  as  possible,  and  should  be  frequently  corrected 
to  follow  the  changes  of  the  market. 


10 

For  the  second-named  use  of  valuation,  frequent  changes  of  the 
trade-values  are  disadvantageous,  because  two  fertilizers  cannot 
be  compared  as  to  their  relative  money-worth,  when  their  valu- 
ations are  deduced  from  different  data. 

Experience  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  trade-values  adopted 
at  the  beginning  of  a  year  should  be  adhered  to  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible throughout  the  year,  notice  being  taken  of  considerable 
changes  in  the  market,  in  order  that  due  allowance  may  be  made 
therefor. 

The  Agricultural  value  of  a  fertilizer  is  measured  by  the  benefit 
received  from  its  use,  and  depends  upon  its  fertilizing  effect,  or 
crop-producing  power.  As  abroad,  general  rule,  it  is  true  that 
Peruvian  guano,  superphosphates,  fish-scraps,  dried  blood,  potash 
salts,  plaster,  etc.,  have  a  high  agricultural  value  which  is  related 
to  their  trade  value,  and  to  a  degree  determines  the  latter  value. 
But  the  ride  has  many  exceptions,  and  in  particular  instances  the 
trade-value  cannot  always  be  expected  to  fix  or  even  to  indicate 
the  agricultural  value.  Fertilizing  effect  depends  largely  upon 
soil,  crop  and  weather,  and  as  these  vary  from  place  to  place,  and 
from  year  to  year,  it  cannot  be  foretold  or  estimated  except  by 
the  results  of  past  experience,  and  then  only  in  a  general  and 
probable  manner. 

Analyses  of  the  Ash  of  Healthy  and  Diseased 
Peach  Wood. 

P.  M.  Augur,  Esq.,  the  State  Pomologist,  recently  sent  to  the 
Station  for  examination  two  samples  of  wood  marked, 

I.  "From  Mt.  Rose  peach  tree  supposed  to  be  healthy." 

II.  "  From  diseased  Mt.  Rose  peach  tree." 

The  disease  from  which  II  was  suffering  was  stated  to  be  the 
"  Yellows." 

For  analysis  twigs  of  equal  size  were  selected  from  the  two  lots. 
They  were  about  ^  inch  diameter  at  the  butt  end  and  yV  to  rg" 
inch  diameter  at  the  tip  and  were  of  last  year's  growth. 

The  pure  ash  of  I,  (carbonic  acid,  coal  and  water  excluded) 
amounted  to  l'SV  per  cent.  The  pure  ash  of  II  amounted  to  1*61 
per  cent.    The  analyses  of  100  parts  of  the  ashes  are  as  follows: — • 


11 


T.  II. 

Healthy.  Diseased. 

Silica  and  matters  insoluble  in  acid, 5.38  9.47 

Oxide  of  iron. 1.09  2.09 

Lime,   54.20  54.05 

Magnesia. 9.49  7.49 

Potash, 16.31  13.95 

Soda, LIS  1.19 

Phosphoric  acid, 4.34  4.68 

Sulphuric  acid,  6.90  6.53 

Chlorine,  ..' .46  .4.". 

99.35  99.88 

In  comparing  the  above  analyses  we  note  that  the  ;ish  of 
diseased  twigs  contains  : — 

4.09  per  cent,  more  silica,  etc.. 

1.00  per  cent,  more  oxide  of  iron. 

.34  per  cent,  more  phosphoric  acid. 

.15  per  cent,  less  lime, 

2.00  per  cent,  less  magnesia, 

2136  per  cent,  less  potash  and 

.37  per  cent,  less  sulphuric  acid 

than  the  asli  of  healthy  twigs. 

Dr.  Goessmanu,  in  his  analyses  of  Crawford's  Early  Peach,* 
reported  in  the  ash  of  branches  diseased  by  Yellows 

0.93  per  cent,  more  oxide  of  iron, 
9.71  per  cent,  more  lime. 
2.70  per  cent,  more  magnesia. 
3.00  per  cent,  less  phosphoric  acid  and 
10.34  per  cent,  less  potash 

than  in  ash  of  healthy  branches,  taken  from  a  once  slightly 
affected  tree  which  had  been  restored  by  treating  (for  three 
years  ?)  "  with  a  phosphatic  fertilizer  in  the  usual  proportion, 
adding  at  the  same  time  from  three  to  four  pounds  of  muriate 
of  potash  for  every  tree,  the  diseased  branches,'''  at  the  outset, 
having  been  "cut  back  to  healthy  wood."  Dr.  Goessraann  infers 
that  "  the  diseased  objects  (wood  and  fruit)  contain  less  potash 
and  more  lime  than  the  healthy  ones." 

Dr.  Goessmann  leaves  out  of  the  account  the  items,  Silica  and 
matters  insoluble  in  acid,  Soda,  Sulphuric  acid  and  Chlorine, 
which  in  the  above  analyses  amount  to  13.92  per  cent,  of  the 
ash  of  the  healthy  twigs  and  17.62  per  cent,  of  the  ash  of  the 

*  Paper  read  before  .Mass.  llort.  Society,  March  IS,  1SS2. 


12 

diseased  twigs.  To  omit  those  would  somewhat  inn-ease  the 
differences  between  the  ash  of  the  two,  and  would  make  lime  in 
the  ash  of  diseased  twigs  3  per  cent,  more  than  in  the  healthy 
ones. 

A  more  correct  comparison  is  that  of  the  absolute  quantities 
of  the -several  ash-ingredients  contained  in  the  same  amount  of 
the  fresh  twigs,  as  follows  : — 

In  10,000  parts  of  peach  twigs  there,  are  : 

HtaMhy.  Diset  ised. 

Silica  and  insoluble, 10.07  15.2.") 

Oxide  of  iron, 2.04  3.36 

Lime, 101.14  86.99 

Magnesia, 1*7.75  12.05 

Potash. 30.55  22.45 

Soda, 2.20  1.91 

Phosphoric  Acid, 8.14  7.53 

Sulphuric  Acid, 12.91  10.51 

Chlorine,-.. _. 0.87  .70 


185.97  160.75 

Here  it  becomes  manifest  that  10,000  pounds  of  diseased  twigs 
contain 

5.2  pounds  more  silica, 

1.3  pounds  more  oxide  of  iron. 
14.5  pounds  less  lime, 

5.7  pounds  less  magnesia, 

8.1  pounds  less  potash, 

0.3  pounds  less  soda. 

0.6  pounds  less  phosphoric  acid, 

2.4  pounds  less  sulphuric  acid  and 
.2  pounds  less  chlorine 

than  the  healthy  twigs.  The  diseased  twigs  in  this  case  thus 
manifest,  as  compared  with  the  healthy  ones,  a  poverty  of  all  the 
ash-ingredients,  the  first  two  alone  excepted. 

8.  W.   Johnson, 

Director. 


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